{"id":2726,"date":"2019-07-25T06:01:25","date_gmt":"2019-07-25T11:01:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/?p=2726"},"modified":"2019-07-29T12:28:46","modified_gmt":"2019-07-29T17:28:46","slug":"humberto-de-campos-maranhao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/?p=2726","title":{"rendered":"Humberto de Campos, Maranh\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Humberto de Campos is a small city in the Len\u00e7ois region of the state of Maranh\u00e3o in the Northeast of Brazil. Its current name is that of a Brazilian writer, but it has had various names and administrative changes. The original indigenous name for the region was Miritiba and the name remains (a pousada<\/em> carries that name, for example), but the indigenous people have long been displaced. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The center of government (prefeitura<\/em>) of Humberto de Campos<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
It is only about 180 miles from the equator (289 kilometers). The state capital of S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds is only about 90 kilometers away, but the metropoles of S\u00e3o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are over 2000 kilometers to the south. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
The French arrived in 1612 (around the time they founded S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds), but the occupation was ended by the Portuguese. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to local history, the region figured in the Balaiada <\/em>revolt (1838-42) and was part of the brief reign of the rebel and former slave Cosm\u00e9 Bento. Cosm\u00e9 and his force of former slaves were part of a broader revolt of liberals and middle-class and poor whites. The struggle involved much of the state of Maranh\u00e3o. The conflict was actually triggered in 1838 when a group led by Raimundo Gom\u00e9s attacked a jail in city now known as Nina Rodrigues to free his brother. The revolt spread to include thousands of poor farmers who were angry about the declining economy and predatory military draft. It has been estimated that some 8,000 rebels were involved, including some 2-3,000 former slaves, before being repressed by the military. Cosm\u00e8 was captured and executed in 1842 in the final days of what was known as the Balaiada revolt, but not before occupying for a time the second largest city in the region, Caixias to the south. In the Portuguese practice of the time, Gom\u00e9s was draw and quartered, and his body parts distributed around Maranh\u00e3o as a warning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
The 1850s church Igreja Matriz S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Peri\u00e1<\/em>, the mother church of Saint Joseph of Peri\u00e1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Humberto de Campos was affected, but the end of the revolt was played out in Caxias to the south where Cosm\u00e9 was defeated. Both the region of Miritiba and Maranh\u00e3o as a whole have had a turbulent political and social history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Humberto de Campos lies along the river Piri\u00e1, or Pre\u00e1, which flows northward to the Atlantic. The city and the river are an access point to the Atlantic Ocean and the Len\u00e7ois Dunes National Park. It was our starting place for a river trip and visiting the dunes, but also an interesting little city in its own right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The river Pre\u00e1 or Piri\u00e1 connects to the Atlantic and the transitional zones of brackish water are home to mangrove forests, flocks of red ibis birds and white egrets. Fishing is a major occupation along the rivers and in the dunes where fishermen live temporarily in lean-to shacks that protect them from the sun. The landscape is, by turns, lush, swampy, and desert-like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
The Church and the Prefeitura are interesting buildings, but the side streets, the market, and the docks show more of the life of the city<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
Side street: bicycles here are utilitarian<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
Grain seller at the city market. Mandioca (manioc, processed cassava) is a staple in the Northeastern diet. Its use dates to the indigenous people who originally populated the region.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
In the fish market near the docks he dries and salts fish for sale.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
Fishing boats on the river Peri\u00e1\/Pre\u00e1.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
Fishermen docking in the early morning<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
River boats are simple, designed for fishing. Here they are docking with the morning\u2019s catch which will be carried some fifty yards up a hill to the market.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n<\/body>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Humberto de Campos is a small city in the Len\u00e7ois region of the state of Maranh\u00e3o in the Northeast of Brazil. Its current name is that of a Brazilian writer, but it has had various names and administrative changes. The original indigenous name for the region was Miritiba and the name remains (a pousada carries … Continue reading Humberto de Campos, Maranh\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2726","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uwm-study-abroad-2019"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2726"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2759,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726\/revisions\/2759"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2726"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2726"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2726"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

The center of government (prefeitura<\/em>) of Humberto de Campos<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
It is only about 180 miles from the equator (289 kilometers). The state capital of S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds is only about 90 kilometers away, but the metropoles of S\u00e3o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are over 2000 kilometers to the south. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
The French arrived in 1612 (around the time they founded S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds), but the occupation was ended by the Portuguese. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to local history, the region figured in the Balaiada <\/em>revolt (1838-42) and was part of the brief reign of the rebel and former slave Cosm\u00e9 Bento. Cosm\u00e9 and his force of former slaves were part of a broader revolt of liberals and middle-class and poor whites. The struggle involved much of the state of Maranh\u00e3o. The conflict was actually triggered in 1838 when a group led by Raimundo Gom\u00e9s attacked a jail in city now known as Nina Rodrigues to free his brother. The revolt spread to include thousands of poor farmers who were angry about the declining economy and predatory military draft. It has been estimated that some 8,000 rebels were involved, including some 2-3,000 former slaves, before being repressed by the military. Cosm\u00e8 was captured and executed in 1842 in the final days of what was known as the Balaiada revolt, but not before occupying for a time the second largest city in the region, Caixias to the south. In the Portuguese practice of the time, Gom\u00e9s was draw and quartered, and his body parts distributed around Maranh\u00e3o as a warning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
The 1850s church Igreja Matriz S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Peri\u00e1<\/em>, the mother church of Saint Joseph of Peri\u00e1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Humberto de Campos was affected, but the end of the revolt was played out in Caxias to the south where Cosm\u00e9 was defeated. Both the region of Miritiba and Maranh\u00e3o as a whole have had a turbulent political and social history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Humberto de Campos lies along the river Piri\u00e1, or Pre\u00e1, which flows northward to the Atlantic. The city and the river are an access point to the Atlantic Ocean and the Len\u00e7ois Dunes National Park. It was our starting place for a river trip and visiting the dunes, but also an interesting little city in its own right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The river Pre\u00e1 or Piri\u00e1 connects to the Atlantic and the transitional zones of brackish water are home to mangrove forests, flocks of red ibis birds and white egrets. Fishing is a major occupation along the rivers and in the dunes where fishermen live temporarily in lean-to shacks that protect them from the sun. The landscape is, by turns, lush, swampy, and desert-like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
The Church and the Prefeitura are interesting buildings, but the side streets, the market, and the docks show more of the life of the city<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
Side street: bicycles here are utilitarian<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
Grain seller at the city market. Mandioca (manioc, processed cassava) is a staple in the Northeastern diet. Its use dates to the indigenous people who originally populated the region.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
In the fish market near the docks he dries and salts fish for sale.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
Fishing boats on the river Peri\u00e1\/Pre\u00e1.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
Fishermen docking in the early morning<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
$\"\"$
River boats are simple, designed for fishing. Here they are docking with the morning\u2019s catch which will be carried some fifty yards up a hill to the market.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n<\/body>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Humberto de Campos is a small city in the Len\u00e7ois region of the state of Maranh\u00e3o in the Northeast of Brazil. Its current name is that of a Brazilian writer, but it has had various names and administrative changes. The original indigenous name for the region was Miritiba and the name remains (a pousada carries … Continue reading Humberto de Campos, Maranh\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2726","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uwm-study-abroad-2019"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2726"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2759,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726\/revisions\/2759"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2726"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2726"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meredithwwatts.com\/MWBrazilBlog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2726"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}